As winter settles in and temperatures drop, many of us brace for the usual discomforts—dry skin, chapped lips, and icy fingers. But for some, the colder months bring a lesser-known and often misunderstood condition: chilblains.

Chilblains, also known as pernio, are small, itchy, and sometimes painful swellings that appear on the skin after exposure to cold and damp conditions. They most commonly affect the fingers, toes, ears, and nose—areas where circulation is more easily compromised. While not usually serious, chilblains can be uncomfortable and, if left untreated, may lead to complications.

What Causes Chilblains?

Chilblains occur when the skin is exposed to cold temperatures and then rewarmed too quickly. This rapid change can cause small blood vessels near the surface of the skin to constrict and then expand faster than surrounding larger vessels can handle. The result is leakage of blood into surrounding tissues, leading to inflammation, redness, and swelling.People with poor circulation, low body weight, or those who frequently experience cold extremities are more prone to developing chilblains. Tight clothing or shoes that restrict blood flow can also increase the risk.

Recognising the Symptoms

Chilblains typically develop a few hours after exposure to cold. Common symptoms include:

• Red or purple patches on the skin
• Itching or burning sensations
• Swelling
• Tenderness or pain
• In severe cases, blistering or ulceration

These symptoms can last for several days to a few weeks, depending on severity and how quickly the condition is managed.

Prevention: The Best Approach

The most effective way to deal with chilblains is to prevent them altogether. Staying warm and dry is key. Layering clothing, wearing insulated gloves and socks, and avoiding prolonged exposure to cold, damp environments can significantly reduce risk.

If you do get cold, it’s important to warm up gradually. Placing cold hands or feet directly onto a heater or into hot water may feel tempting, but it can actually trigger chilblains. Instead, use gentle warmth—like blankets or body heat—to allow circulation to return naturally.

Treatment and Relief

For mild cases, chilblains often resolve on their own with proper care. Keeping the affected area warm, dry, and clean is essential. Avoid scratching, as this can break the skin and increase the risk of infection.

Over-the-counter creams may help relieve itching, and in some cases, a doctor may prescribe medication to improve circulation or reduce inflammation.

If symptoms persist, worsen, or if the skin breaks down, it’s important to seek medical advice. Chronic or recurring chilblains may indicate an underlying circulatory issue that needs attention.

A Gentle Reminder This Winter

While chilblains may not be as widely discussed as other winter ailments, they are a clear signal from your body that it’s struggling to cope with the cold. Paying attention to early signs and taking preventive steps can make a significant difference.

Winter doesn’t have to be a season of discomfort. With a little awareness and care, you can keep your skin healthy and enjoy the crisp air without the sting.